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This book is about three different types of continuity from historic precedent to current practice in the field of urban planning and particularly that of urban design. The book begins by defining, describing and analyzing the three forms, which are: Urban conservation, Cultural tourism, and Permanencies or Persistencies of Form. The book cites examples of each such case which the author worked on. (However, cases concerning (i) the Middle East and (ii) war, disaster and disintegr...

City planning

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How to make planning processes more efficient and plan for new housing continues to be crucial topic in throughout Europe, especially in metropolitan regions with high growth. During recent years evaluations and reforms of planning systems have been carried out throughout Europe. While the complete abolishment of the U.K.'s regional tier of government is likely the most significant change, reforms in the Scandinavian states have taken place as well, for example a new Norwegian Planning Act from 2009. In this context, Norway's Ministry of Environment (Miljøverndepartement) has commissioned Nordregio to review its planning process for housing development, including a comparison to the systems in place in neighbouring states. Consequently, the aim of this report has been to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of urban planning systems with regards to both the formal system (i.e. legal and institutional frameworks) and actual planning practices and how they are implemented 'on the ground'. The study has focused on how detailed/local/regulatory plans for housing developments are produced in selected Scandinavian and European states. The Norwegian planning system has been the focal point for the project, which has been compared and contrasted through case studies conducted in Sweden (Malmö), Denmark (Aalborg), Germany (Munich) and United Kingdom (Cambridge). Key findings The review has shown that there are three clear aspects that distinguish the Norwegian detailed development planning practise: relations between the municipality and developer relations between the municipality and the state and the detailed (time) regulation of detailed development planning. The first distinctive characteristic of the Norwegian planning system is the right for private actors to develop proposals for detailed plans. This has a long tradition in Norway, and means that the municipality's role in the planning process is slightly different than in other cases it has a more of a guiding and controlling function compared to other Scandinavian states. The second characteristic is the state (and regional) influence in the planning process and importance of spatial planning. The national level in Norway provides municipalities with detailed guidance material and the 22 sectorial authorities have the possibility to make objections on detailed plans. The Norwegian system is also characterised by a detailed (time-) regulation of its detailed development planning process. This is particularity evident by several formal time limits in the planning process, including municipal consideration of private proposals and as well for political handling and public consultation. These unique features of the Norwegian planning system have direct consequences both for the time spent for making a plan, as well as for the efficiency, and potential bottlenecks that can be encountered. Learning's Firstly, the initiation and start-up phase is a very significant, and often underestimated, period of the overall planning process, partially because it is relatively unregulated and informal. The case studies showed that this phase is time-consuming and that there are different incentives to facilitate this phase. In Norway for instance, the process is initiated with a start-up meeting, but there are often discussions between the municipality and the developer even before that. Secondly, the design of the plan and the level of detail are important issues that need to be addressed. A detailed plan is a prerequisite for planning new buildings but what such a plan should contain is partly an open question, as is its relation to overarching municipal plans and strategies. It seems that there are some benefits to develop robust municipal plans with clear guidelines to avoid uncertainty and create better conditions for an efficient detailed planning process. The third issue regards the importance of coordination and synchronization, including internal coordination between departments within municipalities, among other public authorities, with relevant private actors and among other stakeholders. In this sense, improving the process of feedback between the different levels of government can improve the efficiency of the planning process. This is especially evident in the possibility for state authorities in Norway to make objection on a detailed plan, which is not always coordinated among state authorities.

City planning.

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Un des fondements de la pensée moderne de l'action collective fut de produire de l'irréversibilité, comme condition historique du progrès. On sait aujourd'hui ce qu'a permis de produire cette posture immodeste, mais aussi ce qui en a coûté, et continue d'en coûter. La ville du XXe siècle, sa société, ses mondes d'action collective, ont été profondément structurés, mais aussi profondément marqués par ce goût démiurgique pour l'irréversible. On fait ici l'hypothèse que le nouveau fondement de la pensée postmoderne de l'action collective est dans la promotion du principe inverse au précédent : la réversibilité, comme nouvelle posture de la relation à un futur désormais largement désigné comme incertain. La ville réversible ? Au sein de territoires et de réseaux qui le seraient tout autant ? Les uns comme les autres par leurs acteurs, leurs systèmes d'action, leurs mondes techniques, leurs univers de production matérielle et idéelle ? De quoi peut-il bien s'agir ?

City planning. --- Regional planning.

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The Baltic Investment Programme was first launched for the period 1992-1995. It was then extended for another period, 1995-1998. In 1998 it was decided to let the programme come to a gradual end in 2003, the year before the three Baltic countries became members of the European Union. The main purpose of the programme was to promote the development of small and medium sized enterprises in the private sector as an important vehicle for economic growth and employment, as well as assisting the development of a commercial financial sector by establishing a national investment banks in each of the three countries. The report tells the story leading up to the agreement with the Baltic countries on the Baltic Investment Programme. It then goes on explaining the various phases in the development of the Programme, the tasks of the institution and the finances, how the institutions used the resources provided by the Programme. Some of the important sub-p rogrammes are explained in more detail. Finally, in the last chapter an assessment of the Programme is given.

City planning --- Social aspects.

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Management of big cities is a relatively unresearched area, as compared to city planning and city governance. A study of Warsaw city management reveals the transformation process typically found in European countries in political and economic transition. In A City Reframed, Czarniawska conceptualises city management as an ""action-net"" under transformation, where three types of action are in focus: ""muddling through"", or coping with daily problems; ""reframing"", or changing the frame of interpretation of the world in order to take successful action; and ""anchoring"", the testing

City planning --- Urban renewal